WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicine. As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list. This includes countries in both the developed and developing world.

The list is divided into core items and complementary items. The core items are deemed to be the most cost effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost-benefit ratio. About 25% of items are in the complementary list. Some medications are listed as both core and complementary. While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not exclude inclusion.

The first list was published in 1977 and included 212 medications. The WHO updates the list every two years. The 14th list was published in 2005 and contained 306 medications. In 2015 the 19th edition of the list was published and contains around 410 medications. The 20th edition was published in 2017. The national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 5th edition. It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations. Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list. The list and notes are based on the 19th and 20th edition of the main list. An ? indicates a medicine is only on the complementary list.

Video WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

Anaesthetics

General anaesthetics and oxygen

Inhalational medicines

Halothane
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen

Injectable medicines

Ketamine
Propofol

Local anaesthetics

Bupivacaine
Lidocaine
Lidocaine/epinephrine
Ephedrine^? (not a local anaesthetic, included in this list for prevention of low blood pressure associated with spinal anaesthesia during caesarean section)

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

Atropine
Midazolam
Morphine

Maps WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

Medicines for pain and palliative care

Nonopioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Ibuprofen
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics

Codeine
Fentanyl
Morphine
Methadone

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

Amitriptyline
Cyclizine
Dexamethasone
Diazepam
Docusate sodium
Fluoxetine
Haloperidol
Hyoscine butylbromide
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Lactulose
Loperamide
Metoclopramide
Midazolam
Ondansetron
Senna

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Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

Dexamethasone
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Hydrocortisone
Loratadine
Prednisolone

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Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

Nonspecific

Charcoal, activated

Specific

Acetylcysteine
Atropine
Calcium gluconate
Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)
Naloxone
Penicillamine
Prussian blue
Sodium nitrite
Sodium thiosulfate
Deferoxamine^?
Dimercaprol^?
Fomepizole^?
Sodium calcium edetate^?
Succimer^?

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Anticonvulsive medication

Carbamazepine
Diazepam
Lamotrigine
Lorazepam
Magnesium sulfate
Midazolam
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Valproic acid (sodium valproate)
Ethosuximide^?

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Anti-infective medicines

Antihelminthics

Intestinal antihelminthics

Albendazole
Ivermectin
Levamisole
Mebendazole
Niclosamide
Praziquantel
Pyrantel

Antifilarials

Albendazole
Diethylcarbamazine
Ivermectin

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

Praziquantel
Triclabendazole
Oxamniquine^?

Antibiotics

Beta Lactam medicines

Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)
Ampicillin
Benzathine benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Cefalexin
Cefazolin
Cefixime
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Cloxacillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Procaine benzylpenicillin
Ceftazidime^?
Meropenem^?
Aztreonam^?
Imipenem/cilastatin^?

Other antibacterials

Amikacin
Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Metronidazole
Nitrofurantoin
Spectinomycin
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Vancomycin

Antileprosy medicines

Clofazimine
Dapsone
Rifampicin

Antituberculosis medicines

Ethambutol
Ethambutol/isoniazid (ethambutol + isoniazid)
Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin)
Isoniazid
Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)
Pyrazinamide
Rifabutin
Rifampicin
Rifapentine
Amikacin^?
Bedaquiline^?
Capreomycin^?
Clofazimine^?
Cycloserine^?
Delamanid^?
Ethionamide^?
Kanamycin^?
Levofloxacin^?
Linezolid^?
Moxifloxacin
p-aminosalicylic acid^?
Streptomycin^?

Antifungal medicines

Amphotericin B
Clotrimazole
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Griseofulvin
Itraconazole
Nystatin
Voriconazole
Potassium iodide^?

Antiviral medicines

Antiherpes medicines

Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Abacavir (ABC)
Lamivudine (3TC)
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Efavirenz (EGV or EFZ)
Nevirapine (NVP)

Protease inhibitors

Atazanavir
Atazanavir/ritonavir
Darunavir
Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
Ritonavir

Integrase inhibitors

Dolutegravir
Raltegravir

Fixed-dose combinations

Abacavir/lamivudine
Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir
Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir
Emtricitabine/tenofovir
Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
Lamivudine/zidovudine

Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections

Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

Other antivirals

Ribavirin
Valganciclovir
Oseltamivir^?

Antihepatitis medicines

Medicines for hepatitis B

Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Entecavir
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)

Medicines for hepatitis C

Nucleotide polymerase inhibitors

Sofosbuvir

Protease inhibitors

Simeprevir

NS5A inhibitors

Daclatasvir

Non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors

Dasabuvir

Other antivirals

Ribavirin
Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or pegylated interferon-alpha-2b^?

Fixed-dose combinations

Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir

Antiprotozoal medicines

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

Diloxanide
Metronidazole

Antileishmaniasis medicines

Amphotericin B
Miltefosine
Paromomycin
Sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate

Antimalarial medicines

For curative treatment

Amodiaquine
Artemether
Artemether/lumefantrine
Artesunate
Artesunate/amodiaquine
Artesunate/mefloquine
Artesunate/pyronaridine
Chloroquine
Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine
Doxycycline
Mefloquine
Primaquine
Quinine
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine

For prevention

Chloroquine
Doxycycline
Mefloquine
Proguanil

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

Pyrimethamine
Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
Pentamidine^?

Antitrypanosomal medicines

African trypanosomiasis

Pentamidine
Suramin sodium

Eflornithine
Melarsoprol
Nifurtimox

American trypanosomiasis

Benznidazole
Nifurtimox

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Antimigraine medicines

Acute attack

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
Ibuprofen
Paracetamol

Prevention

Propranolol

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Antineoplastic and immunosuppressives

Immunosuppressive medicines

Azathioprine^?
Ciclosporin^?

Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines

All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin)^?
Allopurinol^?
Asparaginase^?
Bendamustine^?
Bleomycin^?
Calcium folinate^?
Capecitabine^?
Carboplatin^?
Chlorambucil^?
Cisplatin^?
Cyclophosphamide^?
Cytarabine^?
Dacarbazine^?
Dactinomycin^?
Dasatinib^?
Daunorubicin^?
Docetaxel^?
Doxorubicin^?
Etoposide^?
Filgrastim^?
Fludarabine^?
Fluorouracil^?
Gemcitabine^?
Hydroxycarbamide^?
Ifosfamide^?
Imatinib^?
Irinotecan^?
Mercaptopurine^?
Mesna^?
Methotrexate^?
Oxaliplatin^?
Paclitaxel^?
Procarbazine^?
Rituximab^?
Thioguanine^?
Trastuzumab^?
Vinblastine^?
Vincristine^?
Vinorelbine^?
Zoledronic acid^?

Hormones and antihormones

Anastrozole^?
Bicalutamide^?
Dexamethasone^?
Hydrocortisone^?
Leuprorelin^?
Methylprednisolone^?
Prednisolone^?
Tamoxifen^?

Essential Medicines List: Concept and Procedures 1 |1 | WHO ...

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Antiparkinsonism medicines

Biperiden
Carbidopa/levodopa (levodopa + carbidopa)

Pharmaceutical Research and Development Considerations - ppt video ...

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Medicines affecting the blood

Antianaemia medicines

Ferrous salt
Ferrous salt/folic acid
Folic acid
Hydroxocobalamin
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents^?

Medicines affecting coagulation

Enoxaparin
Heparin sodium
Phytomenadione
Protamine sulfate
Tranexamic acid
Warfarin
Desmopressin^?

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

Deferoxamine^?
Hydroxycarbamide^?

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Blood products and plasma substitutes of human origin

Blood and blood components

Fresh frozen plasma
Platelet concentrates
Packed red blood cells
Whole blood

Plasma-derived medicines

Human immunoglobulins

Rho(D) immune globulin
Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
Human normal immunoglobulin^?

Blood coagulation factors

Coagulation factor VIII^?
Coagulation factor IX^?

Plasma substitutes

Dextran 70

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Cardiovascular medicines

Antianginal medicines

Bisoprolol
Glyceryl trinitrate
Isosorbide dinitrate
Verapamil

Antiarrhythmic medicines

Bisoprolol
Digoxin
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Lidocaine
Verapamil
Amiodarone^?

Antihypertensive medicines

Amlodipine
Bisoprolol
Enalapril
Hydralazine
Hydrochlorothiazide
Methyldopa
Losartan
Sodium nitroprusside^?

Medicines used in heart failure

Bisoprolol
Digoxin
Enalapril
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Losartan
Spironolactone
Dopamine^?

Antithrombotic medicines

Anti-platelet medicines

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Clopidogrel

Thrombolytic medicines

Streptokinase^?

Lipid-lowering agents

Simvastatin

Dermatological (topical)

Antifungal medicines

Miconazole
Selenium sulfide
Sodium thiosulfate
Terbinafine

Anti-infective medicines

Mupirocin
Potassium permanganate
Silver sulfadiazine

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

Betamethasone
Calamine
Hydrocortisone

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

Benzoyl peroxide
Coal tar
Fluorouracil
Podophyllum resin
Salicylic acid
Urea

Scabicides and pediculicides

Benzyl benzoate
Permethrin

Diagnostic agents

Ophthalmic medicines

Fluorescein
Tropicamide

Radiocontrast media

Amidotrizoate
Barium sulfate
Iohexol
Meglumine iotroxate^?

Disinfectants and antiseptics

Antiseptics

Chlorhexidine
Ethanol
Povidone iodine

Disinfectants

Alcohol based hand rub
Chlorine base compound
Chloroxylenol
Glutaral

Diuretics

Amiloride
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Mannitol
Spironolactone

Gastrointestinal medicines

Pancreatic enzymes^?

Antiulcer medicines

Omeprazole
Ranitidine

Antiemetic medicines

Dexamethasone
Metoclopramide
Ondansetron

Anti-inflammatory medicines

Sulfasalazine
Hydrocortisone^?

Laxatives

Senna

Medicines used in diarrhea

Oral rehydration

Oral rehydration salts

Medicines for diarrhea in children

Zinc sulfate

Hormones, other endocrine medicines, and contraceptives

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

Fludrocortisone
Hydrocortisone

Androgens

Testosterone^?

Contraceptives

Oral hormonal contraceptives

Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone
Levonorgestrel
Ulipristal

Injectable hormonal contraceptives

Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Norethisterone enantate

Intrauterine devices

IUD with copper
IUD with progestogen

Barrier methods

Condoms
Diaphragms

Implantable contraceptives

Etonogestrel--releasing implant
Levonorgestrel--releasing implant

Intravaginal contraceptives

Progesterone vaginal ring

Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes

Gliclazide
Glucagon
Insulin injection (soluble)
Intermediate-acting insulin
Metformin

Ovulation inducers

Clomifene^?

Progestogens

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

Levothyroxine
Potassium iodide
Propylthiouracil
Lugol's solution^?

Immunologicals

Diagnostic agents

Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins

Antivenom immunoglobulin
Diphtheria antitoxin

Vaccines

BCG vaccine
Cholera vaccine
Diphtheria vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine
HPV vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Measles vaccine
Meningococcal meningitis vaccine
Mumps vaccine
Pertussis vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine
Poliomyelitis vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Rotavirus vaccine
Rubella vaccine
Tetanus vaccine
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Varicella vaccine
Yellow fever vaccine

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

Atracurium
Neostigmine
Suxamethonium
Vecuronium
Pyridostigmine^?

Eye preparations

Anti-infective agents

Aciclovir
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Natamycin
Ofloxacin
Tetracycline

Anti-inflammatory agents

Prednisolone

Local anesthetics

Tetracaine

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

Acetazolamide
Latanoprost
Pilocarpine
Timolol

Mydriatics

Atropine
Epinephrine (adrenaline)^?

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Bevacizumab^?

Oxytocics and antioxytocics

Oxytocics and abortifacients

Ergometrine
Misoprostol
Oxytocin
Mifepristone used with misoprostol^?

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

Nifedipine

Peritoneal dialysis solution

Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)^?

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

Medicines used in psychotic disorders

Chlorpromazine
Fluphenazine
Haloperidol
Risperidone
Clozapine^?

Medicines used in mood disorders

Medicines used in depressive disorders

Amitriptyline
Fluoxetine

Medicines used in bipolar disorders

Carbamazepine
Lithium
Valproic acid (sodium valproate)

Medicines for anxiety disorders

Diazepam

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

Clomipramine

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Nicotine replacement therapy
Methadone^?

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Beclometasone
Budesonide
Budesonide/formoterol
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Ipratropium bromide
Salbutamol (albuterol)

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

Oral

Oral rehydration salts
Potassium chloride

Parenteral

Glucose
Glucose with sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Sodium lactate, compound solution

Miscellaneous

Water for injection

Vitamins and minerals

Ascorbic acid
Calcium
Cholecalciferol
Ergocalciferol
Iodine
Nicotinamide
Pyridoxine
Retinol
Riboflavin
Sodium fluoride
Thiamine
Calcium gluconate^?

Ear, nose and throat medicines in children

Acetic acid
Budesonide
Ciprofloxacin
Xylometazoline

Specific medicines for neonatal care

Medicines administered to the neonate

Caffeine citrate
Chlorhexidine
Ibuprofen^?
Prostaglandin E^?
- Prostaglandin E1
- Prostaglandin E2
Surfactant^?

Medicines administered to the mother

Dexamethasone

Medicines for diseases of joints

Medicines used to treat gout

Allopurinol

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders

Chloroquine
Azathioprine^?
Hydroxychloroquine^?
Methotrexate^?
Penicillamine^?
Sulfasalazine^?

Juvenile joint diseases

Aspirin

Notes

^ An ? indicates the medicine is only on the complementary list. For these items specialized diagnostic or monitoring or specialist training are needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.

Monday, March 5, 2018